高寒地区多年生禾草混播草地种间竞争效应分析

从高寒地区3组分禾草混播草地群落的种问竞争机制出发,建立了适合高寒地区3组分禾草混播草地群落种间竞争机制的Lotka—Volterra竞争效应模型,并对该模型所描述的竞争进行了计算机模拟试验。模拟结果表明,试验所选的3种高寒地区3组分禾草混播草群的种间相容性分为两种类型,即不稳定的群落：多叶老芒麦 无芒雀麦 垂穗披碱草和垂穗披碱草 多叶老芒麦 扁穗冰草,其竞争结局是：群落内多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草二者共同表现为优势种群,无芒雀麦或扁穗冰草与优势植物的竞争结果将导致其从群落中消失,多叶老芒麦和垂穗披碱草种群将能稳定共存;不稳定-稳定过渡群落：无芒雀麦 多叶老芒麦 扁穗冰草,在没有多叶老芒麦种群的时候,无芒雀麦和扁穗冰草种群可以共存,但是如果多叶老芒麦种群加入无芒雀麦和扁穗冰草所占的区域,它将导致无芒雀麦和扁穗冰草种群趋于灭绝。通过对3个混播试验组计算机模拟竞争模型的竞争效应分析,其结果与方法对科学建植同类型的多年生混播人工草地具有一定的指导意义。     

Bush cover and range condition assessments in relation to landscape and grazing in southern Ethiopia

Progressive growth of bush cover in dry savannahs is responsible for declines in range conditions. In southern Ethiopia, the Booran pastoralists assisted our understanding of spatial patterns of bush cover and range conditions in 54 landscape patch types grouped into six landscape units within an area of 30000 km². The size of landscape patches sampled was 625 m². We assessed the relationships between bush cover, grass cover and bare soil and grazing pressure and soil erosion and changes in range condition. Externally, political conflicts and internally, break down of land use, and official bans on the use of fire promoted bush cover and the decline in range conditions. Bush cover was negatively correlated with grass cover, and positively correlated with bare soil. Grass cover was negatively correlated with bare soil and grazing pressure in most landscape patch types. Grazing pressure was not significantly correlated with bush cover or bare soil, while soil erosion was directly related to bare soil. Soil erosion was absent in 64% of the landscape patch types, and seemingly not a threat to the rangelands. The relationship between bush cover, grass cover, bare soil and soil erosion is complex and related to climate, landscape geology, and patterns of land use. Main threats to range conditions are bush climax, loss of grass cover and unpalatable forbs. Currently, >70% of the landscape patch types are in poor to fair range conditions. Decline in range conditions, unless reversed, will jeopardise the pastoral production system in southern Ethiopia.     

灌注果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响

采用营养灌注技术研究了果寡糖对生长绵羊瘤胃发酵功能的影响。试验选取6只安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的内蒙古半细毛羯羊，随机分为两组，试验组一灌注1．00％果寡糖，试验组二灌注2．00％果寡糖。结果表明：灌注果寡糖可以显著（P〈0．05）降低试羊的瘤胃液相pH和瘤胃内的NH3-N浓度，显著提高（P〈0．05）瘤胃内的VFA含量和MCP含量。两个灌注水平都可以提高生长绵羊的瘤胃发酵功能。但2．00％的灌注水平仅在瘤胃NH3-N浓度的降幅方面比1．00％的灌注水平显著增大（P〈0．05），在对瘤胃液相pH值、VFA含量和MCP含量的影响方面两个灌注水平没有显著差异（P〉0．05）。     

西南地区农田主要种植草种及种植模式探讨

利用南方农区丰富的农田资源,大力发展草地畜牧业,引草入田,是发挥草业优势,突破农村发展瓶颈,增加农民收入的一项重要措施。探讨了西南地区农田的主要种植草种以及适宜西南地区的种植利用模式。     

无磷酸氢钙日粮对生长猪的影响研究

将48头杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪随机分为两组,分别饲喂正常磷水平日粮和无磷酸氢钙日粮,结果表明:与正常磷水平日粮相比,无磷酸氢钙日粮可显著提高磷的表观消化率(P<0.05),增加猪场的纯收入,减少粪中磷的排放以保护猪场周边的生态环境。     

饲料中添加植酸酶对草鱼鱼种生长性能和磷利用率的影响

采用两因素交叉试验法,以大豆粕、棉仁粕和菜籽粕为主要蛋白源,在饲料中添加2个水平(0.75%和1.50%)的Ca(H2PO4)2和3个水平(0,500,1000 U/kg)的植酸酶,经过8周饲养试验后,结果显示:在饲料中添加500 U/kg植酸酶可使草鱼的净增重提高15.45%～18.09%,饲料系数显著降低(P<0.05),鱼体磷的贮积率增加。     

陕北丘陵沟壑区发展生态草畜产业的思考

实施退耕还林还草之后,种草养畜是陕北丘陵沟壑区重要的后续产业,成为农民增收新的突破口。挖掘发展草畜业的资源优势和潜力,采用扩大苜蓿种植、实行舍饲养羊发展节粮型畜牧业、发展草畜产品的加工和综合利用、建立健全服务体系等措施,应遵循生态学原理和循环经济理念,从牧草生产源头抓起,严格防止草畜生产各环节的污染,全面建设生态草畜业,实现区域生态经济可持续发展。     

接种高效根瘤菌对紫花苜蓿—禾本科混播组合生产性能的影响

利用筛选的高效根瘤菌接种紫花苜蓿,分别与高羊茅、无芒雀麦及1年生黑麦草混播。与对照相比,接种高效根瘤菌后,紫花苜蓿-高羊茅混播组合中苜蓿干草增产17.0%,高羊茅增产15.1%,总计增产16.3%;紫花苜蓿-无芒雀麦混播组合中紫花苜蓿增产14.0%,无芒雀麦增产51%,总生物量增产20.5%;紫花苜蓿-1年生黑麦草混播组合中,紫花苜蓿增产7.6%,1年生黑麦草干草产量比对照增产4.8%,总生物量增产6.8%。从LER(Land equivalent ratio)和CR(Competitive ratio)变化看,接种高效根瘤菌有利于提高LER值和禾本科作物的CR值。     

Effects of different cultivated or weed grasses, grown as pure stands or in combination with wheat, on take-all and its suppression in subsequent wheat crops

Grass species were grown in plots, as pure stands or mixed with wheat, after a sequence of wheat crops in which take-all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici ) had developed. Annual brome grasses maintained take-all inoculum in the soil as well as wheat (grown as a continuous sequence), and much better than cultivated species with a perennial habit. Take-all developed more in wheat grown after Anisantha sterilis (barren brome) or Bromus secalinus (rye brome), with or without wheat, than in continuous grass-free wheat in the same year, where take-all decline was apparently occurring. It was equally or more severe, however, in wheat grown after Lolium perenne (rye-grass) or Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue), despite these species having left the least inoculum in the soil. It was most severe in plots where these two grasses had been grown as mixtures with wheat. It is postulated that the presence of these grasses inhibited the development of take-all-suppressive microbiota that had developed in the grass-free wheat crops. The effects of the grasses appeared to be temporary, as amounts of take-all in a second subsequent winter wheat test crop were similar after all treatments. These results have important implications for take-all risk in wheat and, perhaps, other cereal crops grown after grass weed-infested cereals or after set-aside or similar 1-year covers containing weeds or sown grasses, especially in combination with cereal volunteers. They also indicate that grasses might be used experimentally in wheat crop sequences for investigating the mechanisms of suppression of, and conduciveness to, take-all.     

Anthracnose of centipede grass caused by Colletotrichum caudatum

Anthracnose disease was found on centipede grass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] planted as a ground cover on paddy field levees in Shiga Prefecture in 2004. The symptoms were ear blight, stalk blight, and leaf spots. The causal fungus was morphologically identified as Colletotrichum caudatum (Sacc.) Peck. This is the first report of centipede grass anthracnose caused by C. caudatum.